{"id":728,"date":"2025-12-23T08:05:04","date_gmt":"2025-12-23T08:05:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/posttocompete.cp-pop-up.jahk.org.user.hostsolution737.com\/%e5%a4%9a%e5%aa%92%e9%ab%94%e8%b3%87%e8%a8%8a\/"},"modified":"2026-01-29T04:50:30","modified_gmt":"2026-01-29T04:50:30","slug":"%e5%a4%9a%e5%aa%92%e9%ab%94%e8%b3%87%e8%a8%8a","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/posttocompete.hk\/en\/%e5%a4%9a%e5%aa%92%e9%ab%94%e8%b3%87%e8%a8%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"Multi-media References"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"728\" class=\"elementor elementor-728\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d872b1a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d872b1a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33e266d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"33e266d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Multi-media References<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0aaaec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c0aaaec\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75c6864 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"75c6864\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0cace4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c0cace4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d674dcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d674dcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/posttocompete.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/info01.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-345\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/posttocompete.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/info01.jpg 400w, https:\/\/posttocompete.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/info01-300x263.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17f9760 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"17f9760\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80bc048 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"80bc048\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a13a586 elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a13a586\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">BID RIGGING<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eed9e99 elementor-mobile-align-justify elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"eed9e99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.compcomm.hk\/en\/media\/reports_publications\/bid_rigging.html\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Information Centre<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b77ea1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b77ea1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this illegal practice, two or more bidders, who would otherwise be expected to compete, agree (usually in secret) not to compete with one another for particular projects and conspire to pre-determine the outcome of tenders. Bid-rigging can occur in any market where tender processes are used.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a7e068 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1a7e068\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Various forms of bid-rigging include:<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df1818e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df1818e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Bid suppression \u2013 One or more competitors agree not to bid, or withdraw a bid submitted previously.<\/li><li>Cover bidding \u2013 Certain bidders agree to submit bids with higher prices or less attractive (or unacceptable) terms than the bid of the designated winner.<\/li><li>Bid rotation \u2013 Competitors agree to take turns to win in a series of contracts.<\/li><li>Competitors agree not to bid or to submit a cover bid in exchange for subcontracts with the designated winner.<\/li><li>Bidders agree on the minimum bidding prices or that the winning bidder will make a payment to compensate the &#8220;losing&#8221; bidders.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89b3ea0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"89b3ea0\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70adbc4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70adbc4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46d8dd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"46d8dd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/posttocompete.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/info02.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-730\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/posttocompete.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/info02.jpg 400w, https:\/\/posttocompete.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/info02-300x263.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e617c3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2e617c3\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8b20d2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f8b20d2\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da0d541 elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"da0d541\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PRICE FIXING<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d36abf elementor-mobile-align-justify elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"6d36abf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.compcomm.hk\/en\/media\/reports_publications\/CombatPriceFixingCartels.html\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Information Centre<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93a2c0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93a2c0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div><p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Competition is harmed when competitors agree on pricing rather than making price decisions independently. Price fixing may take different forms, for example, competitors may directly agree on a specified price, or they may agree on a formula to calculate prices or elements of a price.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fd8916 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fd8916\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Examples of a price element include:<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb3f922 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb3f922\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Discounts<\/li><li>Rebates<\/li><li>Promotions<\/li><li>Credit terms<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc80aca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cc80aca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Price fixing can be achieved:\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7550b1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7550b1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Verbally or in writing<ul><li>An agreement need not be formal nor legally binding. It can be an informal arrangement, understanding, or undertaking.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Via a trade association or professional body e.g. an association may issue recommendations on prices or publish (possibly non-binding) fee scales for members to follow<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13c3be8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13c3be8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Competitors selling products at the same price is not necessarily evidence of price fixing<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e64fc92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e64fc92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>In markets where the product sold is the same or very similar, if you know that pricing a little higher than your competitor means you lose a lot of customers, and pricing below your competitor means your competitor will quickly match your price, prices naturally tend to gravitate towards the same price. This does not require any arrangement between competitors to occur.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2199b4e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2199b4e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb6586b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cb6586b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ece832 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7ece832\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/posttocompete.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/info03.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-731\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/posttocompete.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/info03.jpg 400w, https:\/\/posttocompete.hk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/info03-300x263.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78eac39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"78eac39\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47496c8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"47496c8\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b8ed8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6b8ed8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">MARKET SHARING <\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fce2ae elementor-mobile-align-justify elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"5fce2ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.compcomm.hk\/en\/media\/reports_publications\/CombatMarketSharingCartels.html\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Information Centre<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fddc539 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fddc539\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Competitors may secretly agree to divide up a market so they each have allotted portion of the market without facing competition. Market sharing is considered harmful to competition even if it is a mere understanding that the parties to the agreement will not supply a competitor&#8217;s existing customers, or will encourage such customers to stay with their existing supplier should the customers seek to switch supplier.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c0441b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c0441b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Competitors engaged in market sharing may agree:<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79767ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"79767ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>not to compete in the production of certain products (e.g. Company A agrees it will only produce product X, while Company B agrees it will only produce product Y)<\/li><li>not to sell in each other&#8217;s agreed territories<\/li><li>not to compete for each other&#8217;s customers<\/li><li>not to enter or expand into a competitor&#8217;s market<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Multi-media References BID RIGGING Information Centre In this illegal practice, two or more bidders, who would otherwise be expected to compete, agree (usually in secret) not to compete with one another for particular projects and conspire to pre-determine the outcome of tenders. Bid-rigging can occur in any market where tender processes are used. Various forms [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":8,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-728","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/posttocompete.hk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/728","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/posttocompete.hk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/posttocompete.hk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/posttocompete.hk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/posttocompete.hk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=728"}],"version-history":[{"count":86,"href":"https:\/\/posttocompete.hk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/728\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2524,"href":"https:\/\/posttocompete.hk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/728\/revisions\/2524"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/posttocompete.hk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=728"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}